Pinealon 20mg

Overview

Pinealon is the synthetic tripeptide L-glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-arginine (EDR), one of a family of short peptides developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. These peptides were designed to mimic the amino-acid composition of tissue-specific extracts and are studied primarily for their reported interactions with DNA and their effects on gene expression in cell culture.

Acu Aminos supplies Pinealon as a 20 mg lyophilized powder for laboratory research.

Chemistry & specifications

EDR is a highly polar, acidic tripeptide carrying two carboxylate side chains (Glu, Asp) and one guanidinium group (Arg). Molecular-modeling studies from the originating laboratory propose that this charge pattern allows the peptide to bind in the major groove of double-stranded DNA at specific promoter sequences.

Cellular structure & mechanism of action

Published work on Pinealon and related short peptides reports cell-penetrating behavior in culture, with fluorescently labeled peptide observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of the expression of neuronal differentiation markers, regulation of reactive-oxygen-species levels in cortical neuron cultures, and altered expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins. Studies in prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia rodent models have examined its effects on oxidative markers in neural tissue. These findings come largely from a single research group and are best regarded as hypothesis-generating for independent laboratories.

Research applications

• Neuronal cell-culture differentiation and viability assays
• Oxidative-stress and ROS quantification in neural cells
• Peptide–DNA interaction and promoter-binding studies
• Short-peptide gene-expression profiling

Selected references

1. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short peptides regulate gene expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;162(2):288–292.
2. Arutjunyan A, Kozina L, Stvolinskiy S, et al. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2012;5(2):179–185.
3. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide regulation of gene expression: a systematic review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053.

References are provided to help researchers locate primary literature. Acu Aminos makes no claims about the safety or efficacy of any compound in humans or animals.